京津冀潮白河区域土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响

为探讨京津冀潮白河区域不同时期内的土地利用变化和生态系统服务（ES）的动态演变情况，采用土地利用动态度模型、当量因子法、敏感性指数法，分析该区域2001、2005、2009、2013年和2017年近20年来的土地利用数据。结果表明：在2001-2017年期间该区域耕地和农村居民点面积明显减少，城镇用地和水域面积明显增加；该区域的主要土地利用类型为耕地、农村居民点和城镇用地，且耕地和农村居民点的比例逐渐减少，城镇用地比例逐渐增大；城镇用地、工矿用地和水域的动态度呈现大幅增加趋势，农村居民点、耕地、草地和林地的动态度呈现较大幅的减少趋势。近20年来该区域的生态系统服务价值（ESV）整体上呈现增加的趋势，水域的生态系统服务价值增加对该流域生态系统服务价值变化起决定性作用。2001-2017年该区域内各地类的敏感性指数（CS）均小于1，敏感性指数从大到小依次为耕地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地。综上，应根据该区域内土地利用变化对生态系统服务产生的影响，制定合理化政策、构建合理的土地利用格局，从而提升生态系统服务。     

包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量及土壤钾素的影响

棉花是具无限生长特性的喜钾作物，为解决其生育期内多次追施钾肥和叶面喷施缩节胺的用工问题，实现轻简化种植目标，研究包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量、经济效益和土壤钾素变化特征的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为一次基施180 kg?hm-2包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（CRKMC）、减少30%钾素用量（126 kg?hm-2）的包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（70%CRKMC）、基施180 kg·hm^-2普通包膜氯化钾（CRK）、分次施用180 kg?hm-2普通氯化钾（KCl）和对照（CK，不施钾肥），后三个处理叶面喷施三次缩节胺。结果表明：等量施钾条件下，CRKMC和CRK较KCl籽棉产量分别增加8.81%和9.36%，经济效益分别增加15.53%和12.86%，70%CRKMC较KCl增产6.53%，增加净收入13.64%。CRKMC抑制棉花盛花期前的株高，提高后期株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量，使生物量较KCl增加18.56%~24.98%，提高钾素吸收量，表观利用率增加25.06~38.83个百分点。CRKMC中的钾素和缩节胺在土壤中呈“先慢后快而后趋于平缓”的规律，释放高峰出现在盛花期至始絮期，显著提高蕾期以后土壤中的速效钾含量。因此，土壤基施包膜含缩节胺氯化钾，可合理协调棉花生长势指标，满足钾素吸收需求，减少30%用量仍有较高的经济效益和钾素利用率，实现了缩节胺和钾素在同一时空条件下的一体化调控，有助于棉花减肥、高产和轻简化种植。     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

基于灰色-BP神经网络模型的多情景交通用地需求预测——以长江中游城市群为例

为探索科学预测区域交通用地需求的合理途径,指导国土空间规划编制中交通用地规模的划定,拟通过灰色-BP神经网络模型识别主要社会经济影响因素,以长江中游城市群为例,在预测其远景交通用地需求规模的同时,基于城市群发展的阶段特征选取典型城市群样本设置3类情景,对不同情景下的交通用地需求分别进行预测。结果表明:1)城镇化水平、产业结构高度化程度和劳动力资源禀赋是当前影响长江中游城市群交通用地需求的主要社会经济因素。2)通过系统仿真试验对比不同方法的交通用地需求预测结果,可以发现基于灰色-BP神经网络模型的预测方法精度较高,误差较小,该预测方法对于区域交通用地规模的预测具有一定的适用性。预测得到的长江中游城市群2020和2030年交通用地需求分别为31.22万和49.07万hm2。3)不同情景下长江中游城市群交通用地需求预测结果存在明显差异,底线情景可作为划定交通用地规模的底限,一般情景可作为基准,极限情景可作为红线,长江中游城市群交通用地合理规模应以基准为参考,介于底线和红线之间。     

清澜省级自然保护区红树林资源调查分析

通过样点实地调查,调查到海南清澜省级自然保护区具有真红树植物11科24种,半红树植物15科20种；根据组成种类,群落特征和立地条件,把红树林植物群落划分为12个红树林群系和4个半红树林群系。     

增效磷肥对花生生长、产量和磷利用率的影响

采用大田试验，在正阳县酸性砂姜黑土和清丰县石灰性砂质潮土区，研究了磷肥与不同增效剂（腐殖酸、 复合氨基酸和草酸）配施对花生生长、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明，85%常规施磷与腐殖酸、氨基酸和草 酸配施对花生产量的作用效果受土壤类型影响，砂姜黑土区，分别比85%常规施磷增产8.82%、4.66%和-1.68%，砂 质潮土区分别比85%常规施磷增产8.40%、3.18%和12.08%，砂姜黑土区和砂质潮土区分别以85%常规施磷+腐植 酸和85%常规施磷+草酸处理对花生生长和增产的促进效果最好。施磷增效剂也提高了花生磷积累量和磷肥利用 率，其原因在于磷增效剂促进了土壤难溶性磷组分转化为活性较高磷组分，与85%常规施磷相比，砂姜黑土区85% 常规施磷+腐植酸和砂质潮土区85%常规施磷+草酸处理的花生磷积累总量分别显著增加26.31%和22.89%，磷肥 表观利用率分别提高7.74%和4.99%，磷肥农学效率分别提高5.54 g/kg和5.39 g/kg。因此，酸性砂姜黑土区磷肥减 量15%配施腐殖酸，石灰性砂质潮土区磷肥减量15%配施草酸，可提高磷肥利用率，确保花生不减产，实现磷肥减 量增效目标。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

白银市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

为了明确白银市土地利用状况与生态系统服务价值之间的关系,进一步确定白银市各土地利用类型对生态系统的影响程度。本研究选择当量因子法评价白银市2009—2017年土地利用状况、生态系统服务价值以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:（1）2009—2017年,白银市生态系统服务价值总量从56.75亿元下降到56.49亿元,总体呈下降趋势,各项生态系统功能和生态系统服务都呈下降趋势;草地生态系统服务价值减少了2549.18万元,减少最多,人口对生态系统负荷呈减轻趋势;（2）白银市土地利用类型对生态系统服务价值具有较大的影响,主要受建设用地增加较多,草地和林地面积减少影响较大,在以后的发展中,要从保护生态用地、挖掘存量建设用地方面,探索出一条生态优先、绿色发展的新路子。